Principles and potential applications of quantum computing

Within the ever-evolving computer science landscape a revolutionary field is emerging, promising to redefine the boundaries of computation and technological capabilities. Quantum computing has the potential to tackle complex problems far beyond the reach of conventional computers.

This exciting field has captured the attention of researchers, entrepreneurs, and industries, and there is currently a growing focus on the research and development of quantum computing.

Here, we’ll explore the principles underlying quantum computing, outline its key challenges, and consider its potential applications across various industries.

What is quantum computing?

Using specialised quantum technology, such as computer hardware and algorithms which take advantage of the principles of quantum mechanics, quantum computing solves complex problems that classical computers or supercomputers can’t solve.

Unlike a classical processor which uses classical bits to perform its operations, a quantum computer uses qubits (quantum bits) to run multidimensional quantum algorithms. These qubits place all of the information they hold into a state of superposition which represents a combination of all their possible configurations. On top of this, quantum entanglement of two qubits means any changes to one directly impacts the other.

These factors create complex, multidimensional computational spaces which allow a user to explore a problem in a way that isn’t possible on a classical computer.

What are the key challenges in developing scalable quantum computers?

While quantum computing has come a long way in its development of how data can be processed and stored, qubits’ properties are much different to our current reality of classical bits which creates many challenges.

Qubits are very sensitive and even small disturbances to their environment can cause them to lose their quantum properties. This is a phenomenon known as qubit decoherence. As quantum algorithms are more complex than classical algorithms, developers must approach the problem of decoherence in original ways.

Challenges that need to be explored more for a decoherence solution include:

• Error correction: Developing reliable error correction techniques to enable disturbed qubits to course correct is essential for quantum computing progression.
• Scalability: Quantum computers have shown impressive results for some tasks, but scaling them up to hundreds or thousands of qubits whilst maintaining coherence and low error rates remains a major challenge.
• Quantum hardware development: The search for scalable, fault-tolerant qubit technology is still ongoing, and is a major focus of research.

• Software development: Quantum algorithms and software development tools are still in their infancy, and there is need for new compatible programming languages, compilers, and optimisation tools.

• Classical computers interfaces: Quantum computers will act as complementary technology to classical computers, not as a replacement. As such, there needs to be efficient and reliable methods for transferring data between them.
• Standards and protocols: Standards and protocols for quantum computing are yet to be developed, but these will be essential for compatibility and interoperability across hardware, software, and communication interfaces.
• Trained talent: There is currently only a relatively small pool of trained talent able to work in quantum computing. In order to grow the field effectively, the pool of talent will need to widen.
• Overall expense: Scientists and commercial enterprises will need to seek investment to offset the high costs of quantum computing talent and hardware.

How can classical computers and quantum computers work together?

While quantum computers have a lot of power and potential, they will always have their limitations. 

Within classical computers, central processing units (CPUs) are much more efficient at data entry and organising and accessing memory, and graphics processing units (GPUs) are much more capable of rendering sophisticated graphics and powering through large language models than quantum processors will ever have the capacity for. This means all of our day-to-day softwares such as Microsoft Word and Zoom will never work as well on a quantum computer as they already do on traditional computers.

As quantum systems can speed up the process of tackling complex calculations and information processing, the solution is to create a collaborative approach between the two, rather than a competitive approach. This enables advancement in both classical and quantum fields, and means strengths and weaknesses of the two can be divided and tackled in a more efficient way.

What industries could benefit the most from quantum computing advancements?

Alongside research institutions and start-ups carrying out research into the field of quantum computing, many commercial enterprises, such as IBM, Google, Microsoft, and Amazon, are also spending time and financial resources on driving growth in this field forward. 

There are many industries which could see huge benefits from quantum computing advancements, and these benefits, and potential profits, are recognised by private corporations.

Machine learning and artificial intelligence

Artificial intelligence (AI) is already disrupting multiple industries, and there is an opportunity to combine two groundbreaking technologies to create further developments in this promising area.

Within generative AI is data science and big data analytics, which works with large amounts of data to gather valuable insights quickly and efficiently. However, inaccuracies in the training of neural networks can lead to significant errors. Quantum computers are able to improve learning and interpretation algorithms for more accurate results.

Cryptography and cybersecurity

Encryption generally relies on the difficulty of factoring large numbers which is something that quantum computing can perform much faster. Due to this, quantum-resistant encryption is essential. Quantum key distribution (QKD) uses quantum cryptography properties such as entanglement and superposition to detect any potential interception, making it unbreakable.

Cybersecurity technologies analyse datasets to identify patterns and potential threats. As quantum computers are able to process and analyse data significantly quicker than classical computers, threat detection is identified sooner and responses can be launched to prevent cyber attacks more efficiently.

Healthcare and drug discovery

Within healthcare, quantum computing may be able to create better internal imaging simulations which will more efficiently detect and diagnose the early stages of many diseases, including cancer. There is also an opportunity to collaborate with blockchain technology to enable caregivers to access a complete history of their patients’ medical history, allowing for better patient care.

Risky drug trials could be replaced with using quantum computing to simulate the effects of new drugs on people, allowing for major breakthroughs in new drug discovery.

Start your journey into the revolutionary field of quantum computing

Gain a thorough grounding in key computer science theories and techniques by studying with the University of Wolverhampton. By undertaking our 100% online MSc Computer Science you will be equipped to launch a new career in this exciting industry. 

Taught part-time, you will be able to fit your degree around your current role and commitments, making it a flexible degree that will benefit both your present as you discover more and your future upon graduation.

Harness the skills and knowledge you learn on this Master’s course to delve further into the power of quantum computers, understanding their current state and the potential that quantum networks have to change the future.